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The Austric-speaking people do not all belong to one homogenous racial grouping, yet there is definitely a predominant type to be found. Some Austric speakers are Negritos and Oceanic Negroids like the Aetas of the Philippines, the Melanesians and some of the Austronesian speaking peoples of New Guinea. Most Austrics, though, are basically a fusion of three primary races: Mongoloid, Austroloid and Oceanic Negroid. In India, specialists in this field have noted that the Austric-speaking peoples belong to a larger racial type that includes many non-Austric speakers and is closely related to the Dravidian racial type. In fact, it is often said there is little difference between these two types. They resemble each other in terms of superficial characteristics in a number of ways, which include:
1. Short to medium stature
2. Fair to very dark complexion. Generally brown-colored.
3. Mesorhinne nose, with greater breadth than length.
4. Slight prognathism, or full lips.
5. Dark, thick, coarse hair.
6. Slight but sinewy build.
On a more subtle plane, here are some less obvious resemblances between the two groups:
1. Large ratio of B type blood.
2. Rarity of A type, and especially A2.
3. Rarity of P2 gene.
4. Rarity of Rhesus negative,
5. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase defiency and alcohol intolerance (ALDH).
6. The presence of enzymes giving malaria resistance.
7. Common occurrence of shovel-shaped incisors.
8. Low bi-zygomatic diameter.
The main differences of the Austric type in India from the Dravidian type include:
1. High forehead.
2. Short face.
3. Bulging occiput.
4. Rarer occurrence of prominent brow ridges.
5. Greater occurrence of Mongolian, or sacral spot.
6. Greater occurrence of epicanthic fold.
Some of these differences, like the Mongolian spot and epicanthic fold, are obviously due to the greater Mongoloid blood in Austrics, although this is less apparent in India than in Southeast Asia. Some Dravidian populations in southern Tamil Nadu and Kerala, and along the border of Nepal also share these traits. This is aside from the presence of these traits due to Turko-Mongol admixture. Some of the similarities above are related to peoples of long presence in tropical areas.
The sacral spot is very common among Austrics, particularly in Polynesia, but less common among Dravidians than even the Arabs or North Africans. However, it is significantly higher than among Europeans. The high skull of Austrics may come from the Negrito-Melanesoid types who are known for this trait. One of the most distinctive traits is the short face which can be found from Polynesia to Madagascar.
Obviously, a great deal of naturual variation exists among these peoples. Some of them, like the Negritos, Batak and possibly the Ainu, are very short, while peoples like the Polynesians are one of the tallest and probably the heaviest of people. The same type of variation exists in South America, where the population is short, but the Patagonian Indians are one of the tallest of peoples. Also, in Africa, in areas where the population is among the tallest to be found, there are also Pygmy groups.
The Austronesians built ships with adzes and other tools of similar genetic affiliation, they used similar types of riggings, rudders, etc. and also the same method of sewing or fitting together the planks of their ships. These early Austronesians seemed to have all carried a few important domestic animals to almost everywhere they went: the dog, pig and chicken.
Where the Proto-Austronesian people developed is a sticky problem. Some think the region of the Southern Philippines and Eastern Indonesia was the likely area, while others favor either Formosa or South China. Around 5,000 B.C. blade stone tool technology reached the northern and central Philippines from the south. Wilhelm Solheim of the University of Hawai'i postulates that active maritime trade and migration was already going on in Insular and Mainland Southeast Asia by between 4,500 and 5,000 B.C. Eusebio Dizon of the National Museum of the Philippines believes this date can be moved to between 6,000 and 7,000 B.C. based on the most recent radiocarbon dating.
Sometime between 1,500 B.C. and 2,000 B.C., the Lapita culture of Fiji and Tonga developed. Therefore, we can safely assume that the Proto- or Pre-Austronesians had already reached many areas of either Micronesia or Melanesia to the West. The presence of Austronesians in Madagascar has been confirmed to at least the beginning of the era, although Solheim states that work to find the earliest habitation has not yet been completed. The lack of iron and Hindu-Buddhist influences, suggest an even earlier date.
The Austro-Asiatics were mainly land-bound, unless one accepts the theory that the Japanese are of Austro-Asiatic origin. Currently, the Munda languages of India belong to the Austric grouping. However, many experts believe that certain cultural items in India like the outrigger ships, the coconut, the betel, etc., may have actually been introduced by Austronesian peoples. Although no true Austronesian languages exist in modern India, studies have shown that there are such influences in both modern and ancient Indian languages. A good work summarizing some of the earlier studies done by Przyluski, Levy and others is P.C. Bagchi's Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India.
The evidence points to the Austric family being originally agglutinative in morphology, or structure. Indeed, all still are agglutinative or partly agglutinative with the possible exception of the Miao-Yao dialects. Agglutinative languages attach, or glue morphemes together with little or no incorporation. This is particularly true of the verb root. However, often it is not the case with the pronoun and noun. Some of the features commonly found (although not universal) among agglutinative languages are:
1. Verb root tends to be uninflected with no incorporation of morphemes.
2. Words are often agglutinated into phrases or word sentences or equations. This does not happen in isolating languages, and rarely if ever occurs among inflectional ones. It is different than compounding which is lexical in nature, while this is grammatical.
3. Sentences, especially the word sentences, can often lack any active element.
4. Morphemes used in verb conjugation, noun declension, etc., often have separate existences. In many cases, the pronoun, or something close to it, will be used in conjugation, while the preposition, or something resembling it is used in declension of the noun.
5. Distinction of nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc., is less pronounced than in inflectional languages. Roots are commonly used interchangeably as verb, noun, adjective and adverb, often by change of accent or addition of affixes.
6. The languages tend to be terse in nature.
7. They tend to promote unity of ideas rather than specificity.
8. They tend towards exclusive and secret speech.
A study of certain Indic terms dealing with maritime navigation and the ocean might also be useful in determining how sea-faring Austronesians were able to have any influence at all in the region:
vahana"boat, raft," Sanskrit, from root, vah"to carry, bear."A list of pronouns, kinship terms and some anatomy terms will now be given showing the possible extent of Austronesian and Austric influences.
"I"
Indic Austric
aham (Sanskrit) aho (Malagasy)
ahu (Toba-Batak, Tonsawang)
ahau (Maori)
gw-aho (Chamorro, emphatic)
aya (Papua, Ham, h > y)
ayu (Oyan)
iyaa (Molima)
aja (Patani)
ahang (Pali, m > ng) -aken (Paiwan, bounded and unbounded
with case prefix, h > k, ng > n)
hon (Gujarati) aken (Yami, Cotabato, Subanon,
Manobo-Kalmansig, Tasaday)
aing (Mundari)
ainje (Juang)
agne (Savo)
ainyak (Anaitum)
hau (Prakit, Nimadi, Pahari) ahau (Maori)
au (Doda Siraji, Sindhi, Poguli, au (Tonga,Tuamoto,Fiji,Wa,Araga
Rambani, Gadi, Pangwali, Badrawahi, Nanumea, Son, Ulawa, Wano,
Dogri, Lari, Kachchi, Sirmauri Fagani, Kerepunu, Maori,Fati
Bagati) Vaturana,Sesake,S. Cape,Maewo)
hu (Gujarati, Rajasthan, hu (Chamorro), ho (N. Li)
Karwa) hu-, -hu (Toba-Batak, bounded forms)
-hu, -he (Tagabili, bounded forms)
hao (Mandeali, Konkani) hao (Ong-Be, Mamanwa)
ham (Magahi, Bihari) yam (Sakai)
a (Kalasa, Gawar-bati,Pasai, a (Paluang,Katugg,A Hok,Vyaku,
Torwali, Lari, Kiutali) Monk-Lwe, Kosiraua)
ako, aku (Indon.,Phil., Malay,
Poly, h > k)
"you" (sing.)
tvam (Sanskrit) tam (E. Cape)
tume (Ardha-Magadhi) tom (Budibud, Anuki)
tumi (Prakit, Bengali) komu (Galeya)
tam (Maharastri) tam (Galavi, Awanai,
timi (Nepali) Wedau, Gapapaiwa, Tavara)
kom (Tagabili, enclitic)
-hem (Tagabili, bounded form)
tu (common in vernaculars) ta (S. Kelao) ku (Kupang, t > k)
ku (Kapang)
kuo (Dixon Reef, Mindiri)
koe (Aniwa, Futuna)
kaw (Indonesia, Philippines,
Malay)
haw (Chamorro)
kau (Rerep)
kew (Yakan)
ko (common Melanesian)
koa (Gadaisu)
taaua (Mele-Fila group, dual)
de (Sauraseni,Magadhi,enclitic) do (Purome, Kibiri)
"you" (pl.)
tum (Prakit) tomiy (Budibud)
kom (Medebur)
tama (B'ili) tamiai (E. Cape)
tami (Anuki, Paiwa, Gapapaiwa)
taumi (Wedau, Tawala),
taumiya (Dawawa)
tame (Gujarati, Rajasthani, timun (Paiwan)
Kar'wa, Kat'iyawadi) kamu (Indonesia, Yami, t > k)
hamu (Toba-Batak)
tam (Gujuri, Malvi, Lab'ani, kamiw (Southeast Papuan)
Bangeru) kam (Nasawa, Mpotovoro, Manam,
Casiguran Dumagat)
ka`am (Yakan)
yam (Malalamai)
timi (Pahari) kimi (Vatrata, Sasar, Lehali),
temi (Kakabai)
tumi (Marati, Nagpuri, Konkani) kumu (Siviri, dl.)
humeu (Nimowa)
komiu (Misima)
teu (Laqua)
kou (Labo)
toa (Samoa, more than 3)
ja (Onjob)
tussa (Multani, Hindki, Tali, kasu (Formosa: Kan./Saa.)
Lahnda)
tusi (Pot'war, Chib'al) tisun (Paiwan, sing.)
tusse (Mandeali, Kului kamus (Eton)
tora (Bengali, Chittagong) koorua (Mele-Fila group, dl.)
korua (Mae, dl.)
a-korua (Futuna-Aniwa group, dl.)
tova (Sindhi) kowa (Teste Is., sg.),
kowe (Ponapean, sg.), koawoa
(Mokilese, sg.)
"you"*
ap`ne (Maithili, honorific) apa (Kherwari, Santali, pl.)
apani (Bengali, sing. hon.) ape (Mundari, Kurku, pl.)
apanara (Bengali, pl. hon.)
ap, apne (Gujarati, pl. hon.)
ap`ne (Marathi, pl. hon.)
b`e (Prakit, pl. hon.)
*The use of the inclusive first person plural as a
second person plural or singular honorific is a widespread
feature of Austronesian languages. The example of "kami"
and "kita" and their various forms being the best example.
In Indic languages like Marathi and Gujarati, the same
rule is followed with first person plural exclusive resembling
the same pronoun in Austronesian, but with the inclusive
variant resembling the inclusive first person plural in some
Munda languages. The second person honorific in Marathi and
Gujarati are the same as the first person inclusive plural, and
are similar to the ordinary second person plural in Munda
languages.
that"
tya/sya (Sanskrit) i-ta/siya (Austronesian)
itsy (Malagasy)
ta/sa (Sanskrit) si/sa (Formosa)
sa (Dumagat)
ota (Bengali) i-tu (Malay)
aka (Singhalese)
tyo (Nepali) tia (Letemboi, Li'o, Sika)
tea (Siviri)
"he/she"
sah/sa (Sanskrit) siya (common Austronesia)
se (Bengali,inferior) si (E. Formosa)
sa (Roviana, Toga)
isah (Kan./Saa.)
"they"
te (Sanskrit, Prakit) te (Santa Cruz)
ter (Vanua Lava)
to (Laqua, Savo)
tu (Lakkia)
de (Sauraseni, Magadhi) de (Casiguran Dumagat,
attributive, Santa Cruz)
dia (Malay)
diat (Duke of York)
tida (Indonesia)
i-tis (Yami)
"this"
eta (Sanskrit) ito (Tagalog)
e (Mayang) ity (Malagasy)
eta (Bengali) eke (Lehalurup)
esah (Sanskrit) isi (Larevat)
"this"
ana (Sanskrit) on (Toba Batak)
enei (Vatrata)
nana (Lamenu)
nani (Nul, Filakara)
inu (Iarkei)
ini (Malay)
eni (Florida)
iaani (Bugotu)
ani (Gao)
eni (Proto-Polynesian)
"their"
onkar (E. Hindi) onkoran (Kherwari)
unkar (Bhojpuri) onkoran (Santali)
umaker (Nagpuri) akoran (Mundari)
unko (Mewati) arka (Juang)
unka (W. Hindi, Kanauji) aninji-na (Savara)
"him/her"
ena (Sanskrit) ine (Oba)
eni (Vanua Lava)
ini (Gaua)
ina (Nifiole)
ana (Anutan)
ena- (Suau, Molima)
ena (Manikion)
"we"* "we, exclusive"
ham (Hindi, Nimadi), ham (Chamorro), hami (Vaturana,
hamai (Kanauji), hama (Mewati), Toba-Batak), hamai (Nimowa,
hami (E. Pahari) Sabari), hama (Panayati),
ami (Assam,Marati,Nagpuri, ami (Amboyna,Amahi,Toti,Sika,
Konkani) E.Formosa,Manggarai)
amhi (Marathi)
ame (Prakit, Gujarati, B'ili), ama (Ham)
am (K'andesi) am (Al, Ulau-Suain, Kaiep,
Gedaged, Bilbil, Arop)
amai (Prakit) amai (Vowa)
yami (Seran)
kami (Malay,Phil.,Indon,
Poly.,Melan., h > k)
he (Semang, incl./excl.)
hi (Sakai, incl./excl.)
iami (Ulawa)
hame (Bag'ati, Kiut'ali, hmei (Rhade)
Sodochi, K'ar'wa)
* Gujarati and B'ili ame, K'andesi am, and Marathi
amhi are also exclusive pronouns.
"we" (inclusive)
apan (K`andesi, Marathi) abon (Kherwari, Santali)
pan (Kachch`i) bon (Savari)
ap`ne (Gujarati) abung (Kurku)
api (Singhalese, incl./excl.*) abu (Mundari), abo (Kherwari,
Santali)
ap`da (B`ili)
ba, beh, be (Gilgiti, incl./excl.*) pue (Talaing, incl./excl.*)
b`e (Prakit) -be (Sora)
*No distinction between inclusive and exclusive pronouns
"self"*
atman "self, soul, intelligence,a person" Sanskrit
atta "atman, conscience" Pali
atamai "mind" Anutan
atamai "intelligence, wisdom" Samoa
atamai "skill, ability" Nanumea
ataman "man, person" Vowa
etmen "person" N. Tanna
atmen "man" Mosina
ateman "person" Mae-Morae
ata "person" Ngad'a, Li'o, Sika, Solor
ata "reflected image, outline, spirit" Samoa
ata "shadow, reflection, representation of self" Nanumea
atam? "head, intelligence," Japanese
aken "intelligence," Buru
aka "shadow, figure, outline" Hawai'i
ako,aku "I" common Austronesian
atin/akin "our/my" Philippines, Indonesia
"body, self"*
tanu "body" Sanskrit*
tino - "body," Anutan, Tahiti, Nanumea
tinana - "body,"Maori
tena - "body," Malagasy,
kino - "body," Hawaii
taw - "body," Proto-Austronesian
dai - "body," Waropen
tani -"body," Tarfia
tanun - person, Mota, Meralava,
tinoni- man, Vaturana, Florida, Duke of York,
tane- man, mankind, Aniwa, Futuna, Fila,
tanun- mankind, Bank�s Is.,
kane- man, mankind, Hawai�i,
jame- man, male; Ekagi, Kaupaku.
*Atman and tanu are used as substitutes for the old reflexive pronouns
in the Indic languages.
vaprah "father" Sanskrit, vappa, pia, Prakit; baba, bap, Bengali; bapa,
Magahi; pio, piu, Hindi.
(v > b > p > f)
bapa - Indonesia, Malay, Solor, Li�o, Gane,
papa - common Polynesian
baba - Ouma
bab, babu - Efate
paa, paapaa, paapara - Maori
paapaaq - Yap
paapa - Puluwat
babi - Murray Is.
fa - Rotuma
fa - S. Li
pha - N. Li
ba - Laqua
pu - Lati
a-pan - Salon
pa - Talaing, Yin, War, Semang
a-puk - Khmer
pa-e - Dana
apu-t -Kherwari, Santali
apu - Mundari
aba, ba - Kurku
apang, abbani - Gadaba
vava - Fiji (Vuda Lautoka)
aba - Formosan Paz, Sai, Ata
abu - Mukawa
avu - Ubir, Wedau
poi - Gadsup
pu - Tai
apu, apo - Philippines
bapa - "uncle," Kapampangan
bapa - "title of respect for old men," Ilokano
papa - "uncle," Mae-Morae, Vartavo, Rerep
papap - "uncle," Lembinwen
bubu - "address for elder," Motu
pu - "sir,"Indonesia
pap - "uncle," Maat
tata "father, affectionate term, also used for other elders" Sanskrit,also
kaka "uncle," and dada "elder brother," Bengali.
(t > k)
tata - Mae-Morae, Lironesa, Pt. Vato, Baimp, Kapampangan, Enga, Loniel,
Lapwang, Ikiya, Ikiti, Lironesa, Fiji, Aurora, Chamorro
tatai - Labo, Baiap, Windua
tetai - Espirito Santo
kaka - Nengone
chichi - Japan,
tatai - "grandparent," Nadrau
ta "mother�s father, wife�s father," Mak, Sui, Kam, Tai
tai "grandparent," Fiji
taka "older brother," Formosa
kaka "older brother," Philippines, Indonesia, Maga
tuaka- "older brother," Polynesia
tata - "uncle," Motu
janaka "father," Sanskrit
(j > t > k) (n > m)
tamaku - Hukua, Valpei, Wusi, Tasiriki, Wailapa
matua tane - Polynesia
makua kane - Hawai�i
tana- - Tolomako
tonu- - Tambotalo
tani- - Loreidiakarkar
jema - Marshall Is.
jamjam - "father-son relationship," Mokilese
jamah - "his father," Mokilese
ma "mother" (Prakit, Hindi and many other modern vernaculars, also amma,
ama)
mi, me - Talaing
ma - Palaung, En, Yin, Kla Muk, Malay
mi, ma, mia - SE Papuan
mo - Pak, Sasar, Teqel
mama - Savo
moa - Wa
mwe - Son
ma-e - Dana
mai - War
may - Kurku
u-ma - Mundari
a-ma - Malay, Fasu, Kewa, Beami
me - Tai
mei - Li, Laqua
mama - "nursing mother," Samoa
ama - "female guardian, female authority," Tagalog
nana "mother, affectionate term similar to 'tata," Sanskrit, naunod "husband's
sister," Bengali.
nana - Lepaxsivir, Baiap, Tagalog, Arosi, Chamorro, Tikopian, W. Futunan
naana - Woleaian
nanu - Kwale
nohna - Ponapean
nene - Nengone, Patani, Sawai, Weda,
nena - Maxbaxo
nen - Burmbar
nunu - Mae, Larevat
ninen - Maat
ninox - Toak
niinnaeq - Yap
nene - "youngest or younger sister," Philippines.
akka "mother," Sanskrit
(k > j > t)
aki - Kerepua
aita - Pango
aite - Ulingan
ek - Eton
iak - Eratap
etata - Mele
itak - Loniel
aje - Buli
jaja- Tidore, Sula Fagudu
ja- Sula Mangoli
agi- Kewa,
inggi- Mendi,
anji - Augu,
enggi - Megi,
inkiki - Sau,
agini - Ipili,
engat - Kherwari, Santali,
enga - Mundari,
okaa-san?- "your/his/her mother," Japan,
ate - "eldest or older sister," Philippines
aita - "woman," Erima
ak goefata- "wife," Sula Fagudu
jani "mother," Sanskrit
(j > t > k > d)
jine- Marshall Is.,
jinana - West Futunan,
tina - common Oceanic
tina-ku - Wailapa
tene-ku- Burmba
kane-gu - Bonkovia
kina-ku - Valpei,
tina-na - Tikopian
dina-na - Kapingamarangi, Nukuoro
ina - common Austronesian
tain - "woman," Ulau-Suain
janik ngolota, janik maping- "wife," Buli
baya "brother," Prakit, baha, Ketrani; bai, Bengal, Hindi, Panjabi,
Rajasthani; bau, Marathi, Nagpuri, Kandesi.
(b > p > v)
biai - Salon
a-ban - Malay
ban, pun - Khmer
bah, pa - Semang
vai, va - Palaung
pa rameh - Wa
po - Son, En
bo - Yin, War
baka, boeha - Kherwari, Santali
bau - Mundari
boko - Kurku, Juang
u-ban - Savari
buang - Gadabi
bai - Karia
bai - Gadsup
wagi - Proto-Austronesian
bayaw - "brother-in-law," Philippines
bauw - "brother-in-law," Tai
pa - "older brother," Gusap-Mot
paa - "older brother," Wantoat
baab - "older brother," Ok
baw - "older sibling," Formosa
ba:u - "older sibling," Nung
dada "brother," Gar'wali, Bag'ati, Sirmauri, W. Pahari, C. Pahari,
"older brother," Bengali.
dada- Kherwari, Santali, Kurku,
kaka - Juang,
kaku - Savara,
taka "older brother," Formosa
kaka "older brother," Philippines, Indonesia, Maga
tuaka- "older brother," Polynesia
bagini "sister," Sanskrit, bahini "sister," Prakit, bone "sister," Bengali
(b > p > f > v > w) (g > k > b > h) (h > s)
bai - Talaing
ber - Semang
boko kuri - Mundari
bokoje - Kurku
boko-rain - Juang
au-wahine - Maori
tua-fafine - Samoa
bisi- : Woleaian
faifil - Woleaian
wayin - Yap
baka - Santali, Kherwari
vai - Palaung
po - Son
pinas - Mong Lwe
ban srey - Khmer
bau - "female kin," Tai
vahini - "sister-in-law" Polynesia
wahini - "sister-in-law," Hawai�i
bai, pai "younger or older sister," Austro-Tai
bai "grandmother�s sisters," Formosa
baw - "older sibling," Formosa
ba:u - "older sibling," Nung
sisuh "child," Sanskrit; sisu, susu "child," Prakit.
sisua - Mate
susua - Api
cingmai -Lehalurup
suahaha-ku -SE Papuan
susngei - Lehali.
susu-pwau - Arosi
susu - "youngest child," Saa, Ulawa, Are�are
ha�a-susu - "to bear child," Arosi
susu-buri - "youngest child," Lau
sua-hasoli "man," Iarkei
suah "person," Iarkei
balah "child," Sanskrit; balu, Prakit; bachcha, Potwar,Bihari, Magahi,
Maithili, W. Hindi, Dakini; beta/beti "son/daughter," Hindi;
putta "child," Pali, putra/putri "son/daughter," Sanskrit;
pota(ka) "young of animal," Sanskrit, bokuto "young child,"
Kashmiri, becca "young child" Lahnda, Panjabi, bacca "young
child," Bengali.
(ch > t > k) (b > p)
bata - "child," Tagalog, Cebuano, Kapampangan, Manobo
baka - "child," Vaturana
bitiir - "child," Yap
bainta - "child," Tairora
boot - "son," Thai
poti�i - "infant," Samoa
pota - "infant," Anutan
pootiki - "infant," Maori
potii - "girl," Tahiti
potiti - small, Marquesas
budak, bunting - (child) Proto-Austronesian
bala - people, Malay, Tidore, Sobojo, Kadai
banta - man, person, people Gadsup
kumar "child," Sanskrit.
kama - Hawaii
tamari�i - Tahiti
tamaliki - Nanumea
tama- Anutan, Fila, Mele, Maori
ta-tama - Futuna
tamasisi - Aniwa
tamatiti - Makatea
koa - Eton
tamalo - person, Vao
tamalohi - person, M. Malo
tamloa - person, Tangoa
tamol - man, Gedaged, Takia, Biliau, Wab
tomol - man, Bilbil
gumoru - man, mankind, Sud-Est
tana "offspring," Sanskrit
tene - Nengone
tuna - Gao
hana - Ngad�a
zana - Malagasy
tane - humankind, Polynesia
kane - humankind, Hawai�i
pati/patni "husband/wife." (from pati "lord,") Sanskrit, patti wife, Prakit.
bati, baati - husband, Tairora
patu, fatu - lord, Polynesia
patuan - chief, Bismarck Archipelago
patan - wife, woman Iarkei, Loniel
pita - wife, woman Morouas
peka - chief, Maori
paduka- lord, master, Malay
patul- ruler, Manobo
vadhu "wife," Sanskrit; vahu "wife," Prakit; bahu "wife," Bihari, Braj B�aka,
Rajastani; wahu "wife," Gujariti, Charotari; bauhti "wife," Powadi,
bai "wife," Kandesi; "bau," wife, Cancha, Jaipuri, Malvi; biwi "wife,
Hindi; vahu "wife," Kanchchi; bebe "woman," Tinauli,
bebbe "mother," Panjabi; babi "mother," Kachchi, bou "wife," Bengali.
(w > v > b > p > f )
vihin - wife, Ambrym
vehi-vavy - wife, Malagasy
vahine - wife, Polynesia
vavine - wife, Melanesia
wahine - wife, Hawai�i, Maori
bahi - wife, Ruk
vaine - woman, Magori
va�ine - woman, Yoba, Bina
waine - woman, Sepa
babine - wife, Papua
babae - woman, Philippines
babi - female, Indonesia
behen - wife, Ranon, Fona
beben - wife, Sevesi, Pt. Vato
bebe - mother, Wetamut
bayi - mother, Indonesia
pai - grandmother, Formosa
pae - mother, Anutan
sawa-ni "wife," Lahuda, Multani, T�ali, D�anni; syanini "wife," W. Pahari,
swasni "wife," E. Pahari, swain "wife," Gar�wali.
sawa - SE Papuan, Proto-Austronesian
sawe - Ngaju-Dayak
a-sawa - Philippines
sa - Sui
suong - Axamb
saoi - Letemboi
a-soan - Maskelynes
asu-k - Lironesa
aso-ku - Faulili, Maat
hoang - Vowa
asa-k - Nume
sawani - husband, Wandammen
swa- - husband, Biak-Numfor
sau-ki - woman, Kosirava Maisin, Uyaku Maisin
tanu "body," Sankrit.
tino - body, Anutan, Tahiti, Nanumea,
tinana- body, Maori,
tena- body, Malagasy,
kino- body, Hawaii,
taw- body, Proto-Austronesian,
dai - body, Waropen,
tani- body, Tarfia.
petakah "belly," Sanskrit. Also petum, pottam "belly," Prakit,
pet "belly," Lahnda, Gujarati, Panjabi, Hindi,
Bengali, Nepali, pot "belly," Marathi.
pika- belly, Savo,
boka- belly, Moto,
beteng- belly, Indonesia,
alo-piko- belly, Hawaii,
boga- belly, Gadaisu,
poka- concavity, hollow, Polynesia, "belly," Central Papuan,
putani- belly, Gadabi,
pjit- belly, Dana,
po- belly, War, K�mer,
va- belly, Palaung,
betek- belly, Maragus,
tabak- belly, Rano,
putok- navel, Lakona, Marig, Merlav,
pitoku- navel, Raga,
putuku - navel, Tasmate, Wusi-Valui, Wusi-Mawa,
pwitoku- navel, Huka, Valpei,Nokuku,
bituka- intestine, bowel, Tagalog,
vatek- belly, Leviamp, Unmet.
pani "hand," Sanskrit.
panek- hand, Mota,
penek- hand, Lehalurup,
pinik- hand, Sasar, Mosina, Bek,
benik- hand, Vetomboso,
binik - hand, Lehali, Vatrata,
binig- hand, Koro,
pan, ban, ben- forearm, Ok,
peni- hand, Vureas,
pini-gi- hand, Pak, Sasar,
peni-gi- hand, Mosina,
pan- hand, Torres Is,
panei- hand, Banks Is.
mukha "face, mouth," Sanskrit. Also muham "mouth," Prakit, "mukh," face, Bengali,
muh "mouth," common in modern vernaculars.
mukha- face, Philippines,
muka- face, Malagasy,
maka- face, Polynesia,
mata- face, N. Guinea,
meka- tongue, Amboyna,
mocha- mouth, Kherwari, Santali,
mua- mouth, Katorr,
mwe- mouth, Darang,
main- mouth, Son,
mu-lut- mouth, Malay,
muru- mouth, Central Papuan,
mangai- mouth, Maori,
mana- mouth, Vaturana, Florida,
muu- mouth, Manggarai,
mut, mit- mouth, Formosa,
mingir- mouth,Awyi,
magota- mouth, Kiwai,
mongot- mouth, Kati,
manga- mouth, Kapau.
iksh "to look, behold, perceive, know," Sansrit. Also iksi "eye," Sanskrit;
iki, "eye," Syrian Gypsy; aki "eye," Oriya, Bihari, Bag�eli, Kanauji;
it "eye," Kohistani, itsin, Gawar-bati.
ike- to see, perceive, Hawaii,
ite- to see, Tahiti,
k-ite- to see, Mangar., Tonga, Maori,
ma-k-ita- to see, Tagalog,
kita- visible, Tagalog,
ita- to see, Ouma, Bina, Wedau,
t-ingin- eye, Tagalog
pan-ingin- eye, Tagalog,
h-ingo- eye, Kapau,
ma-k-ita- eye, Parawen, Yorawata,
te, de- eye, Papuan,
ta, da- eye, Austro-Tai,
ang-k eye, Danaru,
ege- eye, Usu,
agi-utu- eye, Duduela,
engge- eye, Usino,
ite-c eye,- Meax,
oto- eye, Samahi,
atsing eye, Mt. Goliath,
ite-ja- eye, Meninggo,
enggio- eye, Dem,
eki- eye, Suma.
balah "hair" Sanskrit, and balo "hair," Prakit.
balahibo- fine hair, Tagalog,
bol-bol- hair, Tagalog,
bulo- hairs, Tagalog,
bolou- hair, Bouru,
boloi- hair, Amblaw,
bolo- hair, Baju,
pulu- hair, Sulu Is.,
bulbul- hair, Sulu Is.,
fulu- hair, Nanumea,
vulungi- hair, Mosina,
volo- hair, Malagasy,
vul- hair, Lakon,
vului- hair, Vureas,
vulu- hair, Gog, Torres Is.,
buloe- hair, Salon,
bulu- hair, Indonesia, Malay,
bila- hair, Lamenu,
bele-ti- hair, Pagu.
karna "ear" Sanskrit, also kanna "ear," Prakit.
kalna-ku- Tasmate,
talna-ku- Wusi-Valui,
calna-ku- Wusi-Mana,
telnan- Lakon,
taringa- Maori,
darnga- Avok,
tarnga- Maxbaxo,
karina- Wano, Fagani,
kalina- Navut,
dalina- Sesake, Api,
tana- Salon,
tani- Cham,
taliga- Nanumea,
taling- Malay.
kanana �throat� Sanskrit, also kandhara �neck,� kanta �neck.�
kana- �outside of neck,� Hawai'i
kani-ai- �throat, windpipe, Adam�s apple,� Hawai'i,
gandu- �neck,� Western Huon,
kunkun- �neck,� Erap,
kadi, kodi- �neck,� Erap,
kuni- �neck,� Suki,
kone- �neck,� Boazi,
gado-gu- �neck,� Bonelua, Ilo-Ilo, Suau, Bolowai,
kati-kati- �outside part of neck,� Anutan.
rakta �blood� Sanskrit, also rokta �blood,� Bengali, rat
"blood," Gypsy, rath "blood," Kashmiri, rekte
"blood," Marathi, rekt "blood," Hindi.
rak- �blood,� Pinalum, Wala, Rano, Atchin, Laul, Lironesa,
raku- �blood,� Faulili,
reox- �blood,� Toak,
reok- �blood,� Maat,
reuk- �blood,� Vao,
reng-, ryang, ring �red,� Austro-Tai,
i-rak �red,� Proto-Austronesian,
rokai- �red,� Papuan,
rika �blood,� Wadapi-Laut, Ambai,
rik- �blood,� Biak, Ron,
riat- �blood,� Wandamen,
riket- �blood,� Dusner.
bukka �heart� Sanskrit, buk "heart," Bengali,
put-puti- �heart,� Munit,
but-but- �heart,� Dema.
putu- �heart,� Indonesia,
boyok- �heart,� Hiw,
borok �heart,� Mosina,
poot- �lungs,� Nung.
asu �five vital breaths" Sanskrit
aho- �breath, spirit,� Hawaii, Tahiti, Marquesas;
aho- "to breath," Tuamotu,
ao- �breath,� Rarotonga,
osi- �breath,� Arosi.
While some instances of correspondence may be coincidence, it is obvious that as a whole, so many coincidences occurring between the two language groups is very unlikely. Here are a few more interesting links, based on similar sounding words for human, people, etc.:
nara "human (homosapien)," Sanskrit.
naren- man, Avok,
naeren- man, Axamb,
nrenman- man, Maxbaxa,
ner-ner- man, Mae,
nat-u child, offspring, Oceanic,
ka-naka- man, people, Hawai�,
ta-nata- man, people, Polynesia,
a-nak- child, offspring, common Malay,
za-nak- child, Malagasy,
nitu- spirit, Proto-Austronesian,
anito- spirit, soul, particularly spirit of deceased ancestor, god,� Philippines,
mera- man, Tutuba,
naru- child, offspring, Nul, Fila Koara,
nera- child, Lenakel,
nare- child Kwamera,
narmang- person, Yimes,
noranan- person, Chambr,
nur- person, Murik,
naura- person, N. Halmehera.
janata "humankind, people." Sanskrit. Also janah "people." See above for
janaka "father," and jani "mother."
(j > t > k > h > w) (n > m)
kanaka- man, humankind, Hawaii,
tanata- man, humankind, S. Polynesian,
zanaka children, offspring Malagasy,
hamata- humankind,Siusauru,
kanau- offspring, Efate
janau- man, male, humankind, Halmahera,
janawoe- man, humankind, Galela,
anai- child, Buru, Bank�s Island,
ana- man, Yava, Kaowerawedj, Samarokena, Saberi, Bank�s Is.,
wana- child, Niala,
hana- child Ngad�a,
qanak- offspring, child; Kapampangan,
qungad- offspring, child; Isneg,
qanake- offspring, child; Tinguian,
dakanak- offspring, children; Sambal,
anak- children, offspring, West Austronesian,
natu - child, offspring, Indonesia, Proto-Oceanic,
nat- person, Kehali, Lehalurup, Eton,
naat- person, Bonga,
net- person, Motlav,
nae- person, Woraviu,
tanun - person, Mota, Meralava,
tinoni- man, Vaturana, Florida, Duke of York,
tane- man, mankind, Aniwa, Futuna, Fila,
tanun- mankind, Bank�s Is.,
kane- man, mankind, Hawai�i,
jame- man, male; Ekagi, Kaupaku,
tene- child, Nengone.
manus "man, human," Sanskrit. Also manawa "humans, mankind, boy."
While many may feel this word is related to the English
"man," there are actually much fewer correspondences in
sound between Indo-European and the Indic languages with this
word. While mostly confined to a few Germanic languages in
IE, it is far more spread out in Austric. Aslo, while it is
possible that some of these cases *may* be borrowing from
Indian languages, it is obvious that many languages were well
beyond the known range of Hindu-Buddhist influence. Besides
in semantics and phonology the Austric link is closer.
mane- male, Solomon Is.,
mon, o-main, manesh- man, Oceania,
ma-mana- man, Kate,
muane, a-mana- man, Solomon Is.,
men-ahwe- man, Awa,
Mani-k-a- the first people, Awa,
mane- �male, Are�are,
manusia,-manusa,
manesh- man, mankind, Asonesian, Sunda, Malay, Goram,
Matabello, Sanguir, Ceram;
manu-t man,Salon,
mnus- man, Khmer,
mnih- man, Talaing,
mai- man, Sakai,
menik- man, Semang,
mandra- man, Savari,
i-mai- man, Darang,
muana- man, Duke of York,
myen, mun- person, Chiengrai Yao, Haininh Yao, Taipan Yao,
man- child, Telefol,
ma- boy, male, "man," Ambrym,
mantun- man,, Lanten-Yao,
myen- man, Man,
mien- man, Man-ta-pan,
mon-fa- man, Man-lan-tien,
mano- child, Fasu, Beami,
mana, mauko, monol- man, Torricelli,
mandu- man, Buang,
manua- man, Dobu, Duau,
mun- child, offspring, person, Dumut,
mwanua- man,� Kakabai,
manu- man, Motu, Suau.
purusa "man (viro)," Sanskrit.
This word is rather mysterious and it may be that it lost its
original root sense. A similar word is found in Ilocano:
parsua "man, humans (as created)," Ilocano, from root, sua, meaning "to create."
There is also Mamar-sua "Creator," Ilocano. Related terms in
Austronesian probably derived from the same "sua" root are
sua-hasoli "man," Iarkei, suah "person," Iarkei, hua "progeny,
product, to bear fruit," Maori, hua "to give birth, product, produce,"
Hawaii, fua "to give birth, product," Samoa, sua-haha-ku "child,"
SE Papuan.
vansa/vamsa "bamboo or other cane, and also from idea of lines: lineage, family
descent, race, clan, tribe," Sanskrit.
bansa- people, nation, tribe, clan; common Philippines, Indonesia, also bangsa;
whaanau- family, family group, offspring; Maori, Nanumea,
panau- to give birth, be born, Anutan
panaunga- birth group, siblings, Anutan,
fanau- to be born, give birth, East Futuna, Marquesas, Tikopia,
fanau- offspring, Samoa,
faanau offspring, Tonga
wanat- bamboo, Proto-Malaitan,
wayway- sugar, bamboo or other cane, Tagalog,
ka-wayan- bamboo, Tagalog,
bantang- bamboo, Proto-Philippine,
bansi- bamboo flute, Proto-Philippine
pinso- reed, Proto-Oceanic,
binso- reed, Proto-Oceanic,
bungbung- reed, Proto-Philippine,
bun.a- shoot, Proto-Indonesian.
vari- water, Sanskrit
waira water, Taupota, Wedau,
waila- water, Duau,
wewer- water, Misima,
vai,wai- water, common Oceanic,
wayer- water, Flores Islands,
wa:r- water, Numfor,
wi:r- water, Arguni,
war- water, Biak,
were- water,Irarutu,
vure- water, Fiji,
vara- water, Mulaha Iaibu
wiri-biriha- wet, Hukua,
biri- wet, Valpei,
wer- wet, Larevat,
i-wer- wet, Leviamp, Unwet,
i-wair- wet, Mae, Orap,
i-wor- wet, Maragus.
ap- water, Sanskrit
ip- water, Mendi,
ipa- water, Kewa, Enga, Ipili,
iba- water, Huli,
ibo- rain, Awa,
obe- water, Dorig
ebe- rain, Nengone
ubata- rain, New Georgia
abo-abo- rain, Tagalog
afa- storm, Samoa
afu- waterfall, Samoa.
udan- water, Sanskrit
h-udan rain, Indonesia,
udan- rain, Ifugao,
ulan- rain, Tagalog, Magindanaw
uran- rain, Teor., Maranao, Iranun
oran- rain, Malagasy,
ulau- rain Gawi,
uha- rain, Tonga,
uka- rain, Fiji,
ua- rain, Hawaii, Samoa, Tahiti,
ura- rain, Central Papuan.
roma water, Sanskrit, also lota "tear (from eye)," Sanskrit.
lom wet, Pango, Eratap
i-rom- wet, Petarmur,
me-lom- wet, Weda, Sawai,
rotu heavy rain, Tahiti
roi-mata tears, Tahiti, Makatea,
ri-mata tears, Fila, Mele,
rei-mata tears, Futuna,
leo-mata tears, Vowa,
luluhi wet; Wusi, Kerepua,
lolo to be wet, overflow; Samoa
lofia flooded, Samoa
lolo tide, Fiji.
tap heat, hot, burn, consume; Sanksrit, also tapas "fire,"
tapa "heat, hot season," Sanskrit.
tafu make fire; Samoa, Tonga
tavu-tavu- to burn down, Fiji
tavu-cawa- steam bath, Fiji
dapug- hearth, oven, Indonesia
dapu- hearth, Proto-Oceanic
dapog- fireside, Tagalog
tap, tapak- Sun, Papuan
kapu- fire, Fate, Sesake
kapi- fire, Api
tapa- to burn, Manggarai
tapu- to put wood on a fire so it will burst into flame, Anutan
bha to shine, light, Sun Sanskrit
fae- light, Fasu
paa- light, Kewa
afa- light, Foe
pwaaha- light, Arosi
fowe- Sun, Gilolo
bawa Moon, Banja
powi- day, Sunda
pewa- dawn, Sunda
pawa- sky, dawn, daylight, Hawai'i
banas- warm, hot weather, Tagalog
panas- warm, Indonesia
fana- warm, ardent, Marquesas
faa, fana- to warm, Tonga.
asira "fire, heat" Sanskrit, and astha "burnt."
(s > h)
asie- fire, Arosi,
usu- fire, Asenara, Moni,
asuwain- fire, Ulau-Suain,
ahi- fire, Maori, Teor., Goram,
ahu- burnt, scalded; Tahiti,
ahe- fire, Banjak Is.,
ahu- heat, fever; Tahiti,
ahu- fire, Buru,
ahang- fire; Laul, Lironesa,
ahango- fire, Faulili,
afi- fire, Fila, Mele, Futuna,
isa- fire, Maranomu, Maria, Maiagolo,
izi- fire, Binandere,
asu- smoke, Samoa
aso- smoke, Tagalog,
usa- fire, Warkay.
sal "to shine," Sanskrit, and sur "to shine."
sulu- to shine, Proto-Oceanic,
sila- to shine, Proto-Philippine,
sarang- refulgent, Tagalog,
sulu- light, Kapampangan.
sur "Sun, heaven," Sanskrit, and surya "Sun."
(h > s) (r > l)
sual- Sun, Papuan,
sare- Sun, Kaipi, Toaripi, Sepoe
sara- Sun, Ngalum,
sera- Sun, Siagha-Yen, Awyu,
sial- Sun, Sete,
siar- Sun, Ron, Dusner,
sils- Sun, Palauan,
saldang- Sun, Bikol,
horang- Sun, Kate,
mate-hare- Sun, Malay,
harei- Sun, Cham,
u-salo- Sun, Lau,
sulo- torch, Tagalog,
silaban- to burn, build a blaze, Tagalog,
silab- bonfire, Tagalog,
seri- to burn, Rerep, Uua
sulai- to burn, Katbol,
sulia- to burn, common New Hebrides,
sulaa- flames, Kewa,
sulig- flaming torch, Tagalog,
hure- to burn, Wailengi, Lolomatui,
hura to burn, Ngwatua,
hare- Sun, Orokilo,
hovare- Sun, Belepa,
suwara- Sun, Kakabi,
siwala- Sun, Dobu,
sinmari- Sun, Karewari,
simari- Sun, Chombri.
sar "to flow, move" Sanskrit.
sari- to flow, Aore, Mafea,
saro- to flow, Peterara,
sara- to flow, Woraviu, Sesake, Nguna, Pwele, Siviri, Lelepa, Fila,
ser- to flow, Eratap, Eton,
soro-soro- to flow, Ngwatua.
sara "liquid, water" Sanskrit.
sileng- water, Apma,
serik- rain, Shark Bay I
serk- rain, Lorediakarkar,
seri- rain, Shark Bay II,
sak "to be able, powerful" Sanskrit, also, sakti "power, strength, ability, energy."
(s > h) (k > g)
saka- strong, having spiritual power; Saa, Ulawa, Are'are,
sakanga- strength, Saa, Ulawa,
sikan- strong, strength; Kapampangan, Manobo,
sakahi- to strenghten, Aneityum,
sikhay- diligence, assiduity; Tagalog,
sakit- endeavor, effort; Tagalog,
hiki- to be able, can; Hawai'i
sigsa- energy, assiduity; Tagalog,
sigla- animation, liveliness; Tagalog,
sigir- to strengthen, Efate.
mut "to break, crush" Sanskrit also math, manth "churn, crush, destroy," and
mota-ka "crushing, breaking, destruction, strangulation."
motu- to break; Nanumea, Samoa
muka- to begin to break, Nanumea,
mongo-mongo- crushed, bruised, shattered; Maori,
magai- to crush, Arosi,
makere- broken, Arosi,
mota- mortar for crushing areca nut, Saa, Ulawa, Arosi,
makasi- to break to pieces; Saa, Ulawa,
makaka- broken in pieces; Saa, Ulawa,
madou- broken, Ulawa,
mek-mek- to crush into small pieces, Bontok,
mug-mug- softened by pounding, made painful by beating; Tagalog,
moto- to strike, Samoa,
moko- pound with fist, Hawai'i,
moto- to punch, Rarotonga,
moto- squeeze, compress; Marquesas; embrace, Fiji.
matha "churning-stick" Sanskrit, also manthan "fire-stick," mit "post,
pillar"
mata- club; Ulawa, Wango,
manda- club, Viti,
mada- club; Wedau, Arosi,
mata- stick; Tolomako, Malmariv, Nonona, Navut, Morouas, Akei, Fortesenal,
Penantsiro,
mant- stick; Roria, Nambel,
meta- spear, Ambrym,
mtah- spear, Motlav,
metah- spear, Volow,
moto- spear, Fiji,
matah- spear, Ureparapara,
mata- spear, Torres Is,
metomwa- digging stick, Hiw.
math "to kill, exterminate, destroy," Sanskrit
mat- Eratap,
tau-mata- Li'o,
bau-mata- Sula Fagudu,
ka-mate- Sobojo, Kadai, Taliabu,
bus mat- Dorig, Wetamut,
bus mate- Mota,
los mate- Valpei,
naki-mateia- Akei, Penantsiro,
lous-mateia- Fortsenal,
pu-matay- Philippines,
mata, etc.- "dead," common Austronesian.
pari "to choose" Sanskrit, also vara "to choose."
pili- Philippines,
fili- Samoa, Lau, Kwaio, Nanumea, Tonga,
whiri-whiri- Maori.
mi "to urinate" Sanskrit
mimi- Patani,
e-mi- Sawai,
m-mi- Weda,
mi, mimi- Polynesia,
bake-mi- Bacah.
mimi- wet, Yevali,
mih-mih- wet, Port Vato,
meme- wet, Penantsiro, Nambel, Nuvi, Mate, Nul,
mi- urine, Elemen.
megha "cloud," Sanskrit (from root, mi-)
miyege- Hiw,
metmet- Apma,
momah- Toak,
mamah- Maat,
mahmah- Lironesa,
miet- Maba,
mili- Patani,
melik, met- Sawai, Weda,
met- Buli,
mega- Bacan,
magara- wet, Ngwatua,
mimiek- wet, Lolsiwoi,
mekimekine- wet; Matae, Fortsenal.
bhas "to speak, talk, say" Sanskrit, also bhasa "language, speech, talk."
bahasa- language, Indon., Malay,
basa - to read, Phil.,
basahin- to read; Phil.,
basa- language, Kawi,
vosa- to speak, say , word, language, Fiji,
waha- mouth, voice, Maori,
waha- saying, word, mouth, voice, language; common Polynesian,
vasa- to speak, Sesake,
vasana- speech,
visiena- speech, Api,
bosa- to speak, Florida, Ysabel,
bacah- language, Proto-Philippine,
phaasaa- language, Thai,
-bisi- to say, Visina, Mapremo, Nikaura,
bisi- to sing, Gane,
basa- to speak, Efate.
basa- word, Magindanaw, Maranao, Iranun.
ravi "Sun," Sanskrit
rau- Sera, Sissano,
a-raw- Tagalog,
ad-raw- Indonesia,
rato- Are'are,
rae- Mate, Nul,
ra, ra'a- common Oceanic,
la, la'a- common Austronesian,
laei- Amblaw,
lara- Aru Is.,
lea- Ambonese.
raj "to shine" Sanskrit, also ruk "to shine, light, brightness."
raa- to shine, Malaitan,
ra, raa- sunlight, Melanesia,
rai- to shine, Polynesia,
lae- bright, clear, shining; Hawai'i,
lai- shining of sea, Hawai'i,
raka- to make fire, Solomon Is.
laki- fire, Motu,
lake- fire, Vaturana,
a-raka- fire, Suki,
liko- to glisten, shine, Hawai'i,
riko- to shine brightly, Tuamotu
riko- dazzling; Maori, Tuamotu.
raja "king, prince, lord" Sanskrit
rahu- king, Philippines,
raha- respected married elder, Arosi,
araha- chief, ruler; common Melanesian,
rato- elder, Solomon Is.,
mae-raha- chief, Wango,
rato- chief, Arosi,
ratu- master, lord; Fiji,
ratu- chief, noble; Java,
latu- master builder, Samoa,
ra'atira- chief, Tahiti,
lakan- chief, lord; Tagalog,
ma-raja- important person, Orang Besar,
toma-raya- king, Sekol,
datu- chief, leader; common Philippines, Indonesia.
rajas "energy, activity" Sanskrit
lakas- energy, strength, strong; Philippines,
lakwa- quickly; Melanesia,
laki- great, SE Papuan,
rakahi'a- to heat, warm; Are'are,
raka- to be powerful magically, Are'are,
raka- to make fire, Solomon Is.,
laki- fire, Motu,
lake- fire, Vaturana,
raka excessive, overly hot; Ulawa,
rakahi- excessive, Wango,
rakahi- to heat, melt; Ulawa,
a-raka- fire, Suki.
rajas "space" Sanskrit, from raj "to spread out, stretch," also loka "world, space, people."
raya to be great, large, Indonesia,
ra, raa, la- distant in space or time, common Oceanic,
laki- largeness, Philippines,
lakihan- to enlarge, Philippines,
loki- large, Vaturana,
lagay- place, position, fix, Philippines,
lugal- place, Philippines,
laganap- widespread, Philippines,
lagalag- roving, wandering, Tagalog,
latag- spread over, extended, Philippines,
lata- large, wide, Marino,
lokwo- large, spacious, Ngwatua,
lakwoa- large, spacious, Lolsiwoi,
latlat- to spread out, Proto-Philippine,
rita- to spread out, Proto-Malaitan,
reten- to stretch out, Proto-Austronesian,
ruqan, ruqar- space, open space, Proto-Austronesian
rangi, langi- sky, heavens, space, wind; common Austronesian,
lagi- sky, heavens; Nanumea,
laki- man, male, rarely mankind, common Austronesian.
laqi- offspring, Atayal
raj "to rule," Sanskrit
a-rahaa, a-lahaa- common Melanesian,
lavak (pa-)- Paiwan,
ari (mag-)- Tagalog.
arka "Sun, ray" Sankrit, and arkin "radiant," Sanskrit, alo "light," Bengali.
aldo- Sun, Kapampangan, Ifugao,
algo- Sun, Igorot (sic),
algew- Sun, Bontok,
algaw- Sun, Itawis,
alongan- Sun, Manobo,
aldew- Sun, Dumagat,
s-aldang- Sun, Bikol,
adlaw- Sun, Cebuano, Illonggo, Aklanon,
alo, aro- Sun, common Melanesian,
adraw- Sun, Indonesia,
adaw- Sun, Kadai,
araw- Sun, Tagalog,
ilaw- light, Tagalog,
ila- fire, Gogodala,
ira- fire, Awa, Fasu
ara- fire, Kaygir,
ira- fire, Kwale,
era- fire, Kiwai,
aldaw- daylight, day; Ilocano.
arya "lord, master," Sanskrit, also a^rya "noble, member of four castes, of honorable
character."
ara, arai, ari- chief, lord; Arosi,
ari'i- chiefly caste, chief; common Polynesian, Arosi
araha- chief, common Melanesian,
ari- king, chief, ruler; Ilocano; "chief," Arosi,
h-ari- king, ruler; Tagalog,
ali'i- chief, chiefly caste; Hawai'i,
alaha- chief, chiefly caste; common Melanesian,
alaka'i leader, guide, director; Hawai'i,
ariki- chief, Maori,
aromman?- well-bred person, Marshall Is.
arya "a man; a woman of upper three castes; a woman of the Vaisya caste" Sanskrit
ali- "man," Lavukaleve, (airai, dl.), Kewa,
aira- "woman," Lavukaleve,
aali- "man," Wiru,
ari- Sakao,
aris- Unua,
arar- Port Sandwich, Mae-Morae,
aru- Tate, Api,
uri- "race, species," Philippines.
orang- "man, people," common Indonesia,
uran- Cham
oran- Malay,
orot- Ubir,
oerang- Bacan,
oloto- Taupota, Kakabai,
olona- Malagasy,
uru- Osum,
orotona- "male," Wedau.
rishu "flame, heat" Sanskrit
liho-liho- fiery, flaming; Hawai'i,
liso- to shine, Fiji,
lisik- glinting of fiery eyes, Tagalog,
licau- shining, Malaysia
ria, rian- to shine, Tai,
riko- dazzling, Maori, Tuamotu; to shine, Tuamotu,
liyab- flame, Tagalog.
saru �dart,� Sanskrit, also sarah �arrow.�
sari - �spear,� Lolsiwoi, Morouas, Batunlamak, Fortsenal, Penantsiro, Narango, Mafea, Tutuba, Aore, Malo,
sare- �spear,� Amblong,
ser - �spear,� Sasar, Vetumboso, Mosina, Bek,
saria - �spear,� Tambotalo,
siri �spear,� Nuwas,
salapang �spear,� Tagalog,
suligi �dart,� Tagalog,
sari- �arrow,� Ngwatua,
saer- �arrow,� Merig.
kath "to tell, declare" Sanskrit, also katha "tale, speech."
katha- story, composition, Tagalog,
kaka,- story, Kehalurup, Sasar,
kakaka- story, Vetumboso, Mosina, Vatrata,
kekke- story, Nume,
ka'ao- tradition, legend, Hawai'i,
kata, kaka, etc.- to call, common Halmahera,
kando- to talk, Urigina,
tektek- to say, Vatrata, Sasar,
tukua- to say, Aniwa, Futuna,
takua- to say, Mele,
tata- to speak, Fiji,
tokua- to say, Fila,
takao- to speak, tell; Marquesas, Mangar.,
kagi- to say, speak, tell; Indonesia, Manobo,
teki- to speak, Minanibai,
karanga- to speak, tell, say; Anutan,
kake- to speak, Hawai'i,
kaka-ni- to talk incessantly, Hawai'i,
kone- speech, W. Dani,
kano, kuno, kono- to speak, say; Ilocano,
-kae- to say, Pt. Sandwich,
-kari- to say, Axamb,
ga- - to speak, Kairi,
gia- to talk, Pondoma.
kavi �wise man, poet, writer� Sankrit, also kauga, kavya �poetry.�
ma-kata- poet, Philippines,
kawikaan �maxim, proverb, sayings,� Tagalog,
ka:wit- "song," Tagalog, Bisaya,
kawit- "song," Samar-Leyte, Bikol,
kuwa �to say, speak, tell, declare,� Proto-Philippine,
kawa-yan �to call,� Tagalog,
kwala �to speak,� Proto-Malaitan,
kuwa �to talk loudly, resound, a prayer,� Hawaii,
kiwa-wa, kawawa- �unintelligible sound of voices,� Hawai'i,
kawele �a special chant with clear, distinct pronunciation.� Hawaii.
kone- speech, W. Dani,
kano, kuno, kono- to speak, say; Ilocano,
-kae- to say, Pt. Sandwich.
-kari- to say, Axamb,
ga- - to speak, Kairi,
gia- to talk, Pondoma.
matsya "fish" Sanskrit, also mash "fish," Bengali, masa "fish," Singhalese.
matsi �fish,� Piamatsina, Malmariv, Nonona, Navut, Morouas, Matae, Akei, Penatsiro, Wailapa,
maha �fish,� Hawaii,
masi-masi �dolphins,� Samoa,
mah �fish,� Lakon,
mee �fish,� Savo,
moti �fish,� Misima,
masi �fish,� Aurora,
mes �fish,� Vureas,
masiki �fish,� Central Borneo,
mesia �fish,� Koiara,
masi �fish, Mafea, Tutuba.
vasu "water, salt" Sanskrit, also vasuka "sea-salt."
waha- sea, ocean; Tonga, Fiji,
wasa- sea, Samoa,
wasa-wasa open sea, Fiji,
waher water, Indonesia,
wahig water, Manobo,
basa- wet, Philippines,
basah- wet, Indonesia,
pesak- wet, Pagu,
i pehua- wet, Madole,
da pisa- wet, Galela.
pwasa- wet, Kelologeia,
pwasa-pwasa- wet, Molima.
toka �offspring,� Sanskrit
titak- �children, offspring,� Laul,
kata- offspring, Toricelli Phylum,
kat- offspring, Toricelli Phylum,
kata- person(s), Japan,
kuad- offspring, Semang/Senoi,
tung - �offspring,� Ranon, Fonah,
tatu- �person,� Peterara,
tat- �person,� Navenenvene, Nasawa,
toko-?- human prefix, Proto-Polynesian, Proto-Samoic Outlier,
joko- child; Ekagi, Kaupaku.
(Possibly (na)tuku �children� New Hebrides from natu. Words
like natu, anak, zana, anat, etc., meaning �children, offspring,�
are also related to words to spring from, shoot from, i.e.,
anak �offspring,� angkan �offshoot,� Tagalog)
gna �divine wife, woman� Sanskrit
ginang �married woman or widow,� Tagalog,
gining �lady, elder woman of dignity,� Tagalog,
geni- "wife, woman" Proto-Malaitan,
keni- "wife, woman," Saa, Ulawa,
ke-keni- "wife, woman," Mota,
a-gen- �wife,� Dumut,
a-gan - �wife,� Awyu,
gam=e - �widow,� Pisa,
gamtu- �wife,� Lakona.
vala "to turn" Sanskrit, also valana "revolving," valayita "surrounded,
encircled," vara "enclosing, circumference," vari "enclosure for
catching elephants," var-tula "circle."
vila- to turn, Kiriwina,
vi-viri- to turn, Anuki,
vira- to turn, Proto-Milne Bay,
baling- Philippines,
fariu- Makatea,
-bilih- Vinmavis,
-bil- Bonga., Tonga., Makura,
-bilo- Lameno,
firiu- Fila, Mele,
poria- Morouas, Penatsiro,
fuli- Proto-Polynesian,
baliq- Proto-Austronesian,
pulih- Proto-Austronesian,
bulay- to revolve, Philippines,
bilugan- to encircle, Philippines,
bilog- circle, Philippines,
bilig- embryo, cataract; Philippines,
balantok- arch, Philippines,
balangaw- rainbow, Philippines,
piru- to surround, Saa, Ulawa
pulo- to turn; Saa, Ulawa,
buro- to turn, roll, whirl; Arosi.
vara "to cover, conceal, clothe, surround, encompass" Sanskrit, also vri
"to cover," and varna "covering, exterior, appearance," vara, bala
"hair," (see above), vali "wrinkled skin, thatched roof," val-ka
"bark of tree," va-vri "covering, vesture," var-man "envelope, armor,
shelter," vala "cave, enclosure."
bala-balan- to cover, Philippines,
balot- to cover, Philippines,
buru- to cover, Arosi,
pulou- to cover; Nanumea, Samoa,
poreku- to cover, Maori,
bala-bal- wrap, Philippines,
baluti- armor, Philippines,
pori- wrinkled skin, Maori,
balat- skin, Philippines,
baro- clothing, dress; Philippines,
pulunga- skin, Hukua, Valpei,
firi-k- skin, Polonombauk, Butmas,
wiri-k- skin, Tautu,
bulbuluk- skin, Atchin, Vao,
ble-k- skin, Mae,
wili-ri- skin, Port Vato,
na-wili- skin, Pwele, Siviri,
balunan- skin, Proto-Austronesian,
balunang- skin, Proto-Polynesian,
bale- house; common Polynesian and Melanesian, Kapampangan,
fare- house; Aniwa, Futuna, Makatea, Tahiti,
vale- house; Florida, Aurora, Leper's Is., Vaturana, Torres Is.,
whare- house; Maori,
volo- hair; Malagasy (see "balah" above)
varna "race, species, caste, kind, form, character, nature, color"
Sanskrit
burunga- clan, Arosi,
barangay- communal unit usually smaller than village, ship; Philippines,
baronga- character, disposition, nature; Arosi,
perangai- character, nature, disposition; Indonesia, Malay,
bal.u- village, community, house; Proto-Austric (Benedict),
fera- village, Proto-Malaitan,
puruwa- village, Faita.
peuru- village, Bilua,
felakoe- village, ship; Lavukaleve.
pa "to guard, protect, preserve," Sanskrit, also vara "to keep,
ward off," vari "enclosure, pali "line, row,
bank, dike," pur "fortified city, citadel, fortress,"
palli "village," pur "exogamous units among the
Sakadwipi brahmins of Bihar, marriage is not allowed
within the same pur, although marriage may take place
within the same gotra."
pa-pa- to prohibit, forbid; Hawai'i,
pa- fence, hedge, enclosed place; Tahiti,
pa'o- to stop, check, forbid," Marquesas,
pa- wall, Samoa,
ba- fence, wall; Fiji,
pala, para- fence, enclosure, common Oceanic,
barabara- fence, enclosure of stakes; Papuan,
pila- line, row; Tagalog.
(see previous entry)
vara "day" Sanskrit, possibly due to revolution of Sun (see vara
above)
wari, vagi,- day; Indonesia, Formosa, Proto-Austronesian,
wari-a- day after tomorrow, Proto-Oceanic,
wari-a- day before yesterday, Proto-Oceanic,
wari-nsa- day before yesterday, Proto-East Oceanic,
varani- day, Doura,
warai- yesterday, Isabi,
varang- Sun, Wogeo,
warang- Sun, Kairiru,
vara- Sun, Molima.
dhara "bearing, holding, supporting" Sanskrit, also dhara,
dharani "earth, mountain" dhur "load resting on shoulder, yoke,"
dhura "yoke, burden."
dareha- to carry on shoulders, Tagalog,
dala- to carry, bear; Philippines,
dalay-rayan- base, support; Philippines (Tg.-Sp. compound),
dalhin- to carry, support; Philippines,
tari- to carry, bear; Maori, Anutan,
karu- to hold, carry, bear; Saa, Ulawa,
taur- to hold, Mota,
tauria- to hold; Mafea, Tutuba, Tangoa,
tori- to hold; Merlav, Marino,
tora- to carry, support; Arosi,
tola- to carry, Saa, Ulawa,
tole- to carry, bear; Lau,
kalele- support, railing, prop, cane, to trust; Hawai'i,
san-dalan- back, Tagalog,
tura- back, N. Malo,
tar-beng- back, Fonah,
tarmwuk- back, Nume,
kilok- back, Toga,
kulak- back, Mota,
kuru- back, Sileibi,
kru- back, Emerum,
kere- earth; Fila, Mele, Aniwa, Futuna,
dare- earth, Proto-Ambonese (Charles),
dareq- earth, Proto-Austronesian (Zorc),
kor- mountain, Proto-Oceanic,
goro- mountain, Sinagoro,
tolo- hills, Saa, Ulawa,
toro- hills, Wango,
toro-puki- mound, Maori,
koro- heap, Viti,
kari- mountain, Kewa,
kilik- shoulder, Proto-Philippine.
dharma "law, conduct, established order" Sanskrit
dalam- law, Philippines,
dala- taught by painful experience or punishment, Tagalog,
dalam- to press charges against, Bontok,
darum- to bring suit against, press charges; Ilocano,
tola- behavior, character; Lau,
tolaha- custom, way; Saa, Ulawa,
ha'a-tolanga- law, Saa, Ulawa,
ha'a-toraha- law, command; Arosi,
tara- wrong, incorrect; Anutan,
tula-fono- law, Samoa,
ture- law, Maori, Tahiti.
(Some writers suggest ture of Maori and Tahiti was introduced
by missionaries from Hebrew, torah "sacred law.")
sad "to go straight to without missing, to be on the mark; to
be straight, to straighten; to reach goal" Sanskrit,
also sadha "straight, good."
sako- straight, direct; Proto-Polynesian,
sasak- straight, Malay,
sasakan- to straighten, Malay,
sog, sogi- to make straight, Efate.
sadya- purpose, objective, object; Tagalog,
sat "true, real, genuine" Sanskrit, also satya "truth."
hak- truth, reality, just cause (legal), Indonesia,
hakiki- true, real; Indonesian, Malay,
suguh- true, Malay,
soko- true, Efate,
sa'o- true, Samoa,
hukom- judge, Tagalog,
hatol- judgement, Tagalog,
hatulan- to sentence, Tagalog.
ava- "downward indicator" Sanskrit
ipo- to descend, downward indicator; Anutan,
ibaba- to descend, downward, Tagalog,
ifo- down, Nanumea,
papa- downward, to descend; Proto-Oceanic.
uda, uda- "above, rising" Sanskrit, also adhi- "above, over, upon."
ake- up, upward, to ascend; Anutan,
uka, uta- towards mountains, inland; Polynesia,
akyat- to rise, ascend; Tagalog,
angkat- to lift, Indonesia; to be elevated, Ngaju-Dyak,
ascent, Hova,
atas, atat- above, Proto-Austronesian,
ake- upward indicator, Polynesia,
ata- up, Nakanai.
abhi- �towards, to� Sanskrit, also abhi-gama �approaching," upa "near, next to."
ofi- �to approach, near,� Tonga,
ofi- �to enter,� Samoa,
ipaka - �near,� Isiai,
apena- �near,� Raga,
abeti- �near,� Numi,
upotpotet - �near,� Aneityum,
l-apit- �near,� Tagalog,
opi- �near,� Rempi,
op- �near,� Gal,
api-na - �near,� Are�are.
ati- �across, beyond,� Sanskrit
at- �away from speaker, thither,� Mota,
atu- �away from speaker, thither,� Maori, Marquesan, Anutan,
Tikopian, Tonga, Samoa, Rarotonga.
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